SUPPORT DOCUMENT #291 Sleep: It seems that we really don't know much about why we sleep. I have suggested that it is a part of energy moderation and some of the research seems to support that. Here is some of the latest information from http://www.britannica.com and its relation to my theory of energy moderation.. (*) are notes by me. Caps are mine too. "During sleep, voluntary muscle activities nearly disappear and there is a decrease in metabolic rate, respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. The activity of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INCREASES during the resting period, but that of the urinary system decreases..." I have suggested that part of the reason for sleep is digestion. The body shuts down to digest the days intake of food. "Sleep arises most unequivocally in animals that maintain a constant body temperature and that can be active at a wide range of environmental temperatures. In such forms, increased metabolic requirements may find partial compensation in periodic decreases in body temperature and metabolic rate i.e. during NREM sleep...." (NREM sleep is 'not rapid eye movement' sleep. It occurs throughout the night but that NREM sleep in the early portion of the sleep period in humans - for about 3 hours - seems to be the sleep that best supports recuperation) "...Thus the parallel evolution of TEMPERATURE REGULATION and NREM sleep has suggested to some authorities that NREM sleep may best be viewed as a regulatory mechanism conserving energy expenditure in species whose metabolic requirements are other wise high" (note human temperature before sleep is generally the highest of the day. And upon waking is the lowest of the day) This suggests sleep as energy moderation. I would contend that the above also accounts for hibernation in animals. Just as the hypothalamus seems to have a major impact on most aspects of energy moderation in humans, it seems to also have a strong impact on sleep. That suggests that the 2 may be related in some way. "Sleep can be induced directly by electrical stimulation of certain areas in the hypothalamus, have been confirmed and extended to other areas in the brain." And finally a short experiment that suggests that sleep and digestion are directly related. If you have trouble getting up in the morning, and often feel sluggish, try this. Take a half glass of orange juice before bed. You should wake up earlier than usual and be more alert, rested, and wide-eyed. The reason, in my opinion is that the acidic OJ adds more acid to the stomach thus allowing it to process food faster. Try it and let me know your results. I think you'll be quite surprised. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #292 Some loose ends: Here are some assorted added info on some aspects of my theory. 1. I have suggested that in the RNA world there may have been 2 stranded RNA that preceded two stranded DNA that we have now. There seems to be some viruses that still have double stranded RNA in their genome: Cystoviridae and Reoviridae. 2. Osmosis is another example of the 4 options. If concentration of water is higher outside the cell, water diffuses into the cell. This relates to option 1 take in, and option 3 (take in and ) hold in. If concentration of water is higher inside the cell, water diffuses out of the cell this relates to option 2 block out, and option 4 (take in and) excrete out 3. On Stanley Miller's results: "Miller noted that if the origin of life requires amino acids more complex than glycine, at least a little methane must be present in the atmosphere." IF it is found that there was no methane, then that re-inforces my idea of a GC world that pre dated the RNA world. Glycine, though it can be coded 4 ways GGC, GGG, GGA, GGU, would probably have been coded by only G and C's (note almost all of the amino acids Miller got could be coded by G and C's alone.) 4. Note that in prokaryote cells (and remember 3/5 of earth's history is prokaryotes alone - 3.5 to 1.4 billion years ago) not only is the chromosome attached to the plasma membrane, but the plasmids as well. This to me suggests that the first cell may have been some sort of protein ball of string that fat later condensed around, though that is pure conjecture at this point. 5. Sexual behavior all year long in humans may have had this added benefit, that it served as a sort of social glue that held interest between males and females beyond mating periods. 6. Here is another textbook definition of life. I have noted before how as they are updated, they represent my energy moderation theory more and more. This is from BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, A MOLECULAR APPROACH, BSCS BLUE VERSION 7TH EDITION. 1996 "The Exobiology Program within NASA, which studies and searches for extraterrestrial organisms, has adopted the following working definition: Life is a self sustained chemical system that is capable of undergoing Darwinian, or biological evolution." compare it with my defintion Life is energy moderation with modification through descent. 7. Photosynthesis has been called the largest chemical process on earth. If it is such a key to all life, then it should clearly show energy moderation and it does. "As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases up to a point where the rate levels off and then declines....showing optimum temperatures between 20C and 30 C." Biological Science, BSCS The chart showing optimum temperatures for photosynthesis is almost a perfect bell curve. The optimum temps seem to fit those of tropical rain forests. Here are 2 points 1. IF a species of plant (or any other organism that photosynthesizes) is outside of the optimum temps for photosynthesis (and all other conditions are similar) it would benefit it, if it could regulate its temperature in some way to a more conducive temperature. Any attempt to do so would be a type of energy moderation 2. Any species of plant (or photosynthesizer) within that optimum temperature range, would more easily get enough energy to fit all its needs, thus allowing it to use it's resources to better evolve in other ways. 8. Vacuoles in plant cells are vesicles that may occupy more than 50% of volume in plant cells, they contain water and digestive enzymes, store nutrients and waste products. This suggests a high development of options 1 and 3 of the 4 options in plants, which is not in animals. By itself this is meaningless, yet it suggests that the division of plants and animals may be another dichotomy based on energy moderation. IF that is more than just conjecture, then there should be definite differences in the energy used by one-celled plants and one-celled animals. The plants should use less energy, and store more (1 and 3), while the animal cells, should have higher metabolisms and store less (2 and 4). SUPPORT DOCUMENT #293 RNA as 2 stranded: > http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVFamilyGenome.html > You might find this particularly exciting, Tom, that other RNA viruses don't > even bother with that reverse transcription step. No DNA required! - Drox This is a great site with some amazing photos. I also saw that a couple of the viruses mentioned had double stranded RNA - which is exciting to me. It may also be interesting to note this concerning RNA: SUPPORT DOCUMENT #294 Some more loose ends: Even the expression of genes is effected by temperature. Ex. Siamese cats have a genotype that codes for dark fur but the enzyme produced by the gene functions best at low temperatures. That part of the animal's body that has low temperatures, ears, paws, and tail, have dark fur, the rest of the cat's body is brown or white. If enzyme production works best at certain temperatures then natural selection would support those species that can best maintain that temperature. And such coloring could be vital - for example the Pepper Moth. Another example is sperm production in humans. The testis are outside the body so that the scrotum will have a lower temperature than the body which helps sperm production. In this example the survival of the fittest, is that male who can best regulate his body temperature for maximum sperm production and the production of the healthiest sperm. In a much broader example; if ocean temperatures fall a few degrees, many species that are otherwise well adapted will die. This suggests that the chemistry for a species is set at a certain optimum range of temperature. Outside that range species will either die or have to adapt by regulating that temperature in some way. Also those species that are in an area where the temperature remains constant, can now use their energy for other purposes - other than defenses against temperature variations. Excess salt can kill organisms. And temperature can exacerbate the situation. Ex. "When cells freeze, water is removed as pure ice and the salt solution in which they exist becomes concentrated. Freezing and drying must have been common hazards from the beginning of life..." This suggests that those species that would have survived would be those that either lived in temperate seas, or developed means to protect themselves from the excess salt by regulating temperature or regulating salt. The author goes on to talk of salt tolerant bacteria, the halophiles, yet he adds that it limits their ability to compete with bacteria when the salinity is normal. In the case of shoreline algae that synthesize anti salt betaines, "as much as 15% of the dry weight of shoreline algae is betaine, a considerable diversion of the energy that would otherwise be available to the organisms." Quotes from James Lovelock On my idea of how life began in a GC world. Those GC nucleotide strands that could best inhibit the melting/denaturing process, would, through natural selection, be the most likely to survive (not be melted) James Lovelock suggested the concept of GAIA. To help prove his idea of earth as a living organism he sets up a simulation he calls DAISYWORLD. It should be noted that Daisyworld is an energy moderating system (and one that does not reproduce). And black and white (and later all shades of daisies) help regulate the temperature of the planet. His simulation also supported some of my ideas on the 3 modes of natural selection: - 'the more diverse the system the more fragile it is' (I suggested this is mode 3 diruptive/abundance) and 'least stress = greater diversity' (again it matches my mode 3 disruptive/abundance mode) The above examples should help show that temperature regulation (energy regulation) is not just a factor in life, but the bases of all life development. With this general rule - where temperature is moderate and beneficial the organism can evolve his energy moderating system to other needs. When temperature is disruptive, the organism must concentrate his energy moderating system on fixing the problem. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #295 Here are a few loose ends to assorted threads of my theory of energy moderation, Hendricks Health Theory: All quotes from Biological Science BSCS Blue Version 7th ed. There seem to be 2 basic divisions to the human nervous system. I believe they are yet another dichotomy that has evolved out of energy moderation in this way: "the sympathetic system serves as a stimulator, and is often called the fight-or-flight system because of its role in preparing an organism to respond to emergency situations." This relates to options 2 and 4, block out and excrete out. "The parasympathetic system has more of a nurturing role in maintaining homeostasis. The parasympathetic system also is responsible for moving food through the digestive tract." This relates to options 1 and 3, take in and hold in. **** This textbook quote on homeostasis is also excellent in understanding my energy moderation theory: "Organisms exist in constantly changing environments. In order to stay alive and function properly, all parts of an organism, as well as the organism itself, must maintain a biological balance within the immediate environment. This task is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms that work together to regulate the internal environment of all living things." **** When we talk of stress diseases, a better term might be re-stress diseases. Usually the worst stress comes from unresolved conflicts in childhood that are triggered by the present moment of stress. **** Life seems to be that ability to keep an organism within a certain temperature range that allows the organism to function at its best, or we could say to better sustain the chemistry of that organism. If it gets too hot it'll destroy the enzymes that are needed to exist - and at some point the DNA will denature from the heat. If it gets too cold the chemistry reactions become sluggish or don't work at all. Organisms can live outside these boundaries, but it takes most of their energy to protect themselves. Thus life could be viewed as that ability to maintain chemical reactions at a temperature where those chemical reactions work best - energy moderation. **** I have suggested that there are 2 main ways of being 'fittest': the more accepted way of out battling competition, but also the way of symbiosis - working in cooperation with others. A key example of symbiosis is the child in the mother's womb. That is the basic symbiotic relationship for humans. **** (extra) Source for the UCLA study on women and stress response: James Michael Howard - > I found the source of the "tend-and-befriend" material you mentioned. This > material comes from Psychological Review 2000; 107 (3): 411-429. Taylor, et > al., SUPPORT DOCUMENT #296 The Health part of the Hendricks Health Theory: IF I'm correct in suggesting that all life evolved out of energy moderation ( the main system in humans, being: food in and waste out ) Then it makes sense that resolving the inner conflicts with food in and waste out, would resolve all the health problems caused by those inner conflicts. But what health problems are involved? (note most inner conflicts with food-in , may be traced back to breast feeding problems in early childhood and most inner conflicts with waste out, may be traced back to toilet training problems in early childhood) The problems that can be solved or at least we can alleviate the severity of, include most stress, chronic, psychological, and social disorders that don't have a specific cause such as: genetic problems, virus, bacteria, fungi, infections; diet disorders - ex. not enough vitamin C, injury, sanitary problems, etc.. The test is this. If there are 2 people with all physical conditions basically the same and one gets a disease or disorder or dysfunction and the other does not , then it is a prime candidate for a possible cure. First 2 options of energy moderation - Take in or not take in food Take in #1 and Block out #2. Here are the obvious problems it should help alleviate and/or cure: colds, sore throats, stuffed nose, mouth sores, asthma, vomiting, choking, speech problems, food allergies, addiction to: alcohol, drugs, food; tooth decay, gum problems, lip sores, heartburn, problems with sense of taste and smell, breast feeding problems, eating disorders - bulimia, anorexia; and any immune system problems connected with not being able to block out bad food or excess food, and/or not take in enough good food in proper amounts. The other 2 options: Hold in food or excrete out waste Hold in #3 and excrete out #4 Here are the obvious problems it should help alleviate and/or cure: toilet training problems, constipation, diarrhea, gas, anal problems , menstruation problems, sexual dysfunction problems, and any immune system problems of not being able to excrete out what's bad and/or hold in what's nurturing. Yet there are other LESS OBVIOUS problems that resolving the inner conflicts of the 4 options may cure: Option 1, Any social problems of dependency on others All disorders labeled as "move towards others" by K. Horney in Inner Conflicts. Option 2. Any social problems of violence/anger - the emotions of fight of the fight-or-flight syndrome All disorders labeled as 'move against others' by K. Horney Option 3. Any personal problems of greed, not enough self nurturing, ego problems, Any health problems of not being nurtured enough (No K H. disorder) Option 4. Any personal problems of fear - the flight in the fight -or-flight syndrome Any health problems of not being able to attack the non-self within and excrete it out (non-self being any cells that are dangerous to self and are not symbiotic, or harmless), any problems of separation from others, split personalities (?), Any disorders labeled as 'move away from others' by K. Horney. Besides the health benefits to the individual, the key 'health' benefit will be to resolve repressed anger in males (option 2) and end or alleviate not only violence against women, children, and other men, but war. And, next in importance, resolving the greed problem of option 3 (not enough nurturing in childhood) that will support cooperation. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #296 Single to multi-cell The best idea I've read on how single cell life may have evolved to multi -cell life (at least part of those evolutionary steps) is from "Biology of the Invertebrates" , by Cleveland P. Hickman: Also I quote it for another reason. It is difficult to see the 4 options of energy moderation in complex birds and mammals etc. But at this early stage of multi cell life, it is much more clear. My notes in (...) The 4 options again are: 1. take in energy, 2. block out energy, 3. take in and hold in to nurture, 4. take in and excrete out as waste. "Among invertebrate metazoans there is one type of body plan around which many others are built. This is the saclike, radially symmetric form in which the cavity is surrounded by a double wall with an outer layer of cells for protection from the outside (this would be option 2) and an inner layer for digestion of food (this would be option 3). a single opening to the outside serves as both mouth (this would be option 1) and anus (this would be option 4) With the addition of tentacles for food gathering and protection, such a plan is found among the coelenterates, which are considered to be close to the ancestral base of metazoans. Digestion in such forms may be partly or wholly intracellular at first, but a better start is made toward the extracellular digestion of larger forms than is possible among unicellular organisms..." (Then it goes on to talk about how cells could specialize from muscular and nervous elements, sensory elements, secretory cells, shells, etc.) "Such a body plan has great possibilities for modification and specialization. The digestive tube may be much folded, branched, elongated, or shortened. The body form may be elongated and narrow or short and broad. This body plan is ideal for division of labor among communities of cells and is capable, with certain modifications of attaining a variety of sizes...." "The various body plans of the invertebrate Metazoa that have been built around or derived from a saclike or similar body plan include the flatworm type with bilateral symmetry and differentiated cephalocaudal axis, the roundworm type with tube-within-a-tube organization, the annelid type with segmented body the arthropod type with specialized somites and jointed appendages, and the molluscan type with mantle and specialized foot." This suggests to me that just about all multi cell life evolved out of this saclike form. And that the saclike form is a clear illustration of the 4 options of energy moderation SUPPORT DOCUMENT #297 Circadian rhythms and other loose ends: I have suggested that life began as chemicals reacting to the day/night temperature change (and possibly the dry/wet cycle connected with tides, as well). If so we should be able to see cycles that correspond to the world around us in living things. And there are many circadian rhythms that do just that: "Timing devices are know to be involved in migratory activities, orientation problems, diurnal and nocturnal activities, breeding cycles seasonal cycles", etc. etc. Conjugation in ciliates is another example of sexual reproduction in times of severe stress,(asexual reproduction used in times of little stress) "Various factors may induce conjugation, such as starvation, sudden darkness in light conditions, low temperatures, the presence of certain salts, etc. The process of conjugation may be beneficial in producing nuclear reorganization and heritable variation and may be useful in rejuvenation of species." Though the author points out that conjugation is restricted to certain types of ciliates. Ciliates also are a good example for how sex determination may be connected to energy moderation. In one aspect of their reproduction, in which 4 haploid micronuclei are produced and 3 of those disintegrate, "The remaining haploid micronucleus now undergoes a mitotic division to form one haploid stationary pronucleus (female) and one haploid wandering pronucleus (male)" Note that the distinctive difference between the 2 is that one is wandering. It suggests to me an excess of energy in that one - more so than the other. In my Health Theory I've suggested that sleep is a part of digestion. If sleep is upset then food can't be adequately digested and used or excreted out as waste. Resolving sleep disorders by resolving problems of the 4 options of energy moderation - is one of the main keys to health. A key part of sleep problems is that in childhood the child has no innate or inborn ability to know that dreams and waking reality are different. This is something that is learned. But what I have found is that the subconscious retains dream conflicts. And that they must be brought to the surface and resolved as part of any therapy. I have also found that these subconscious nightmare fears are much stronger and damaging than one can imagine. They must be treated. If not sleep disorders will continue leading to all kinds of chronic health problems. I have suggested that option 1 evolved this way. Take in energy/food evolved to move toward energy/food and take it in. This can clearly be seen in ciliates that have food catchers. As they move through the water either food is swept into the mouth by special cilia (take in food) or is seized directly (move toward and take in food). And it is now easy to see the evolutionary pattern of human infants: take in mother's milk evolved to move toward breast/food and take in mother's milk, evolved to move toward mother and take in psychological nurturing, evolved to move toward nurturing of any kind and move towards others , etc. Also it may even be possible to show at least one aspect of mobility as evolving from food in. Cilia help brush food into the mouth. This suggests to me (with the other posts in my theory on this subject) that the evolution line may be something like this: cilia around the mouth evolves to flagella around the mouth (to catch food particles) evolves to tentacles around the mouth evolves to legs, arms, wings, etc. Though a good case can also be made for flagella at the back of organisms evolving to legs as well. An idea that is very intriguing is that life began in sand. "The minute fauna found here is probably made up of representatives of every animal phylum, including many protozoan forms. Within this habitat of sand grains, air, water, and detritus, the interstitial fauna live in the passages and spaces between the grains of sand or on the surface of the sand grains" It seems that larger sand grains are best - and these would be most likely in early earth IF it can be determined that they were present. They would also allow for the cycle of wet and dry that seems vital for first life to build complexity. All quotes from The Biology of the Invertebrates, Cleveland P. Hickman SUPPORT DOCUMENT #299 Here are some more loose ends to my theory. If life is energy moderation with modification through descent then in practical terms that is a metabolic system and a replication system (which I have suggested evolved out of the metabolic system). If so then parasites would not need the metabolic system - that is provided by their host. They would only need a replication system. Thus you would expect them to be very small. "The members of (the Mesozoa) phylum are considered the simplest multicellular animals ...One common interpretation considers their simplicity as a secondary adaptation to a parasitic life ... They are small forms, the largest not exceeding 9 mm. in length; most are much smaller than this, and some species are under 1 mm. in length. They number about 50 species." Biology of the Invertebrates. I tend to think this can be considered a general rule in that most parasites (bacteria, viruses?) should be very small. See other examples in my theory. Speciation seems to me to be like a tree sending seeds out in hopes that some will survive and prosper. In the case of species, it seems like the Genus is the tree that sends out species like seeds. Each has evolved to fit a certain niche but only some survive. Example in hominids all but one species either became extinct or evolved into another. And perhaps we can take the analogy up a step in the ladder and say the tree is the Family and the seed is the Genus and so forth. So though almost all species evolve to extinction (evolution leads species up a creek?) the line is such that its quite likely that one will survive. The density problem. "If you take a single bacterium that can reproduce by fission every 20 minutes under ideal laboratory conditions. At the end of this time there would be 2 bacteria, then four after 40 minutes, and so on. If this continued for only a day and a half - a mere 36 hours - there would be bacteria enough to form a layer a foot deep over the entire Earth." But that doesn't happen. In general: "Through mechanisms that are not yet understood, high densities cause physiological changes that delay sexual maturation cause reproductive organs to shrink, and generally inhibit reproduction." There are some clear reasons - a lack of food (option 1 problem) too much waste (option 4 problem) etc. but that is not the complete answer. And my theory does not answer it. And that question is one that needs to be addressed. It remains a mystery for now. Quotes from Biology , Campbell Metabolism and reproduction are not the only evolved 4 options of energy moderation in bacteria. Another is directed movement or taxis. "Motile prokaryotes move toward some substances and away from others. Bacteria have specific receptor molecules on their membranes that detect the presence of certain chemicals...The bacterium uses some form of memory to compare present and past concentrations over short time spans as it moves along a chemical gradient." Biology, Campbell. The moving towards taxis would have evolved out of option 1 take in/ move toward, the moving away from taxis would have evolved out of option 2 block out, and option 4, excrete out. The saclike bodies of coelenterates were extremely successful in the many ways they evolved. On the other hand I think the Volvox type of colony was a multi cell dead end in that it could not evolve to enough variations to lead to as much complexity as the coelenterates saclike body. It might be interesting to do a sci-fi novel on a highly evolved volvox type alien, but in the real world - much like giant insects - I don't think it could happen. (See my comments on the evolution of nerve systems out of the alimentary tract) Temperature presents some problems for mammals and birds: It must be higher than the environment and it must be more active for smaller species "Homeothermic animals generally have body temperatures considerably higher than the average temperature of their environment. Not only does a high temperature produce a high metabolic rate and make possible a high activity level, ... but also it is much easier to maintain a constant temperature higher than that of the surroundings than one lower ... No mammal or bird could live more than a very short time in an environment 60 degrees hotter than its body temperature. In fact, few homeotherms can for long withstand environmental temperatures more than a few degrees above their body temperature. Their cooling mechanisms are simply not effective enough. Their metabolism, with its unavoidable heat production, is by its very nature a furnace, not a refrigeration unit; it can easily be speeded up to counteract environmental cold, but it cannot be made into a cooling device .. the most effective thermal regulatory devices available to animals are based largely on heat production and conservation, not on heat loss and cooling. Homeothermy, then involves mechanisms that can produce relative metabolic stability at a body temperature above that of the environment but not at one much below that of the environment." "If the small animal is to maintain its constant high body temperature despite the rapid heat loss across its body surface, it must oxidize food materials at a very fast rate. Because excessively small size would necessitate more food intake, digestion, respiration, etc. per unit time than would be possible, there is a lower limit on the size of homeotherms. The smallest living mammals are shrews weighing only about 4 grams. They must eat nearly their own body weight of food every day, and can starve to death in a few hours if deprived of food." "Hummingbirds (which are very near the lower size limit for homeotherms) are active during the day and become dormant, or hibernate during the night" "Small mammals belonging to 3 groups - the insectivores, bats, and rodents - have evolved a mechanism that enables them partly to evade this problem (of endless eating) When winter comes, they hibernate ..." Bats not only hibernate during the winter, but also during the daylight hours. Also it is interesting to note that on cold days "butterflies and moths often vibrate their wings for several minutes before launching into the air. The heat produced by cellular respiration in the vibrating muscles may increase the muscle temperature by as much as 15 C in 5 or 6 minutes" thus getting them ready for flight. "The vast majority of animals and all plants promptly lose most of this heat (40 - 60 % of the heat of cellular respiration) to their environments" That's roughly half. It has no benefit for the organisms, but I wonder if it doesn't help the colony in certain situations? (All quotes from Biological Science by William T. Keeton) SUPPORT DOCUMENT #300 Here are some final quotes: "Few organisms can maintain a sufficiently active metabolism at temperatures close to o C and temperatures above 50 C denature the enzymes of most organisms. Extraordinary adaptations enable some organisms to live outside this temperature range... Most organisms cannot maintain body temperatures more than a few degrees above or below the ambient temperature. Mammals and birds are the major exceptions..." Biology, Campbell "The metabolism of an organism is very closely tied to temperature (more than that says I) Within the narrow range of temperatures to which the active organism is tolerant, the metabolic rate increases with increasing temperature and decreases with decreasing temperature in a very regular fashion ... As would be expected, the activity of poikilothermic animals is radically affected by temperature changes in their environment. As the temperature rises (within narrow limits), they become more active; as the temperature falls, they become sluggish and lethargic. Such animals, then , are restricted as to the habitats they can effectively occupy, because they are at the mercy of the temperatures in those habitats." Biological Science William T. Keeton It is clear to me that life began as chemicals that reacted to temperature changes. Through the chemistry of amino acids nucleotides began to follow that temperature cycle with a denaturing and annealing cycle. Thus began an energy moderating system that had one trait - the ability to inhibit too high heat - one aspect of which was to excrete out - which led to replication. In too low heat the chemicals would slow down until reinvigorated with higher temperature. This cycle of heat/energy moderation led to the 4 options of energy moderation - which evolved to all aspects of all life. ENERGY MODERATION WITH MODIFICATION THROUGH DESCENT