SUPPORT DOCUMENT #184 Here is a revised summary of my Hendricks Health Theory. (2/01) Intro: This theory may seem somewhat abstract because I'm going from the general to the specific - something science rarely does. Yet it is real and works for all life everywhere. I began all this in about 1976, by looking at what makes humans behave the way they do. It led me through many layers of things that were not the basic drive or cause. It was like an onion with all its layers that you peel away one at a time until you get to the core. For humans it seemed to be taking in food (or not taking in food) digesting it and deciding to use it and/or store it, or excrete it out as waste (the 4 options of energy moderation). When I saw that,I saw that that basic rule fit all life. It suggested a driving force for life - energy; and gave an important clue as to how life may have begun -as an energy moderator. Yet at first chemicals could not moderate anything. It, like non organic material, could only react. The question was how did it make that leap from reacting to heat/energy, to moderating it. My theory suggests a way. And the rest is history! - th. Part 1. HOW AND WHY LIFE BEGAN Life began as chemicals (GC nucleotides in a primordial soup, etc) reacting to energy (energy cycle of hot sun, then cold night) by a process of heat (the sun) raising the temperature of the GC nucleotides to their melting temperature (where the nucleotide strands separate - denaturation) then lowering the temperature 25 C degrees below the melting temperature (night time low temperatures) where the lose strands band together (naturation) into new longer nucleotide strands. Through natural selection some GC strands were able to INHIBIT their melting temperature and build longer and more complex strands of nucleotides. Therefore they began to moderate energy at the high end. Later at the low end of energy,life was able to evolve ways to take in more energy and increase energy. Therefore they began to moderate energy at the low end as well. First life then shifted from REACTING to an energy cycle (day heat, night cold) and began MODERATING energy. All life seemed to follow this rule, more active in high energy, less active in low energy. A GC world led to an RNA world (RNA can act both as an enzyme and replicator) to cell life. Other points covered: 1. The physics of all matter, heat and the 4 options of energy moderation. 2. Replication is viewed as excreting out excess energy (that included genetic material) at too high energy. 3. A new definition of life as energy moderation ENERGY MODERATION WITH MODIFICATION THROUGH DESCENT 4. Comparison of my definition of life with other definitions of life. 5. Comparison of my theory of how life began with other theories: a. Not replicator but energy moderator. Replication is the mechanics of evolution not the cause. b. Not space cadets (panspermia) the case for life starting on earth. c. Not magic chemical wand (a one time process where numerous chemical reactions (magic chemical wand touching down) leads to 1 replicator that leads to all life) d. First life not single lucky occurrence, but more likely inevitable and abundant. to be continued. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #185 This post continues my theory summary with the 2nd part of how life may have begun: Conditions of first life: topics covered include Sun as first catalyst/enzyme Importance of the Moon in first life: 10 hour day/ 10 hour night, tides and tide pools as 1rst cell membrane letting in nutrients, flushing out wastes, moon stripping off some atmosphere and comparison with no-moon Venus. The melting temperatures of organisms DNA,seems to rise higher and higher as you go back n life's history and how that suggests conditions at first life. Importance of drying out, polymerization. Role of ultraviolet light, minerals, etc. GC world : topics covered include Miller experiment high in GC Fox's micropsheres and proteinoids as right idea, wrong recipe Clues in the genetic code - the mystery of the codons Natural selection of GC nucleotides - clump together, bond quicker and more thoroughly, melt less quickly and at a higher melting temperature, builds complexity and variation. Difference between GC and AU bonds, 3 to 2 hydrogen bonds, melting temperatures different, etc. plus best annealing temp for GC strands at - 25 C from melting temp. AU as stop, start, and melt-here point in first life. Uracil as perhaps the key to the crossover between the 2 pairs GC, AU. GC content high in RNA Viroids as support for GC world. RNA World. topics covered include RNA as enzyme and replicator Prokaryote makeup as clue - 75% Protein and RNA RNA evolution from 2 stranded RNA alone to, DNA (codebook) plus 2 separate strands of RNA that fit like lock and key. 1 strand RNA evolving to mRNA the other to tRNA RNA world leads to the making of protein and enzymes. Cells. topics covered include Cell wall as protein ball of string (that is later clogged with fat?) with genetic end inside ball of string (bacteria strand of DNA attached to cell wall) Surface to volume ration leads to 2 types of evolutionary strategies in times of excess high energy. cell divides in 2 and SEPARATES = reproduces cell divides in 2 but DOESN'T SEPARATE = growth Replication then evolved out of dealing with high energy growth inside cell = growth growth outside cell = reproduction Cells have the choice to split in 2 or band into compartments - leads to multi cell life. 2nd Energy Energy moderation is accomplished by regulator genes. At some point in evolution life switches from sun heat to hydrogen? Then fermentation? Glycolysis? to be continued SUPPORT DOCUMENT #186 2 OPITIONS BECOME 4 Life is energy moderators At high energy it becomes more active At low energy it becomes less active To inhibit too high energy it Blocks out energy from outside ( option #2) Excretes out energy (waste out) from inside (#4) To correct times of too low energy it Takes in more energy from outside (#1) Holds in/stores more energy inside (#3) This produces the 4 options of energy moderation 1 = Takes in (from outside) 2 = Does NOT take in - blocks out (from outside) 3 = (takes in and) Holds in (inside) 4 = (takes in but) Excretes out as waste (inside) A number of dichotomies have evolved out of these 4 options Some include: OPTION 1 AND 3 (TOO LOW ENERGY) OPTION 2 AND 4 ( TOO HIGH ENERGY) Symbiosis survival of the fittest positive feedback regulatory enzymes negative feedback reg. enzymes anabolism catabolism build up break down female male Topics covered include Symbiosis as one of 2 driving forces of evolution, Margulis and her work; life abundant in good temperatures - tropics, land and sea; Social behavior as key ingredient in cenozoic life: birds, social insects, mammals, flowering plants, etc. Survival of fittest as one of 2 driving forces of evolution, Darwin and his work; changes in climate - evolution and extinction; prey/predator boosts evolutionary strategies on both sides, life going onto land; etc. Female/Male,, size of egg versus sperm, exaggerated male ornaments, turtle eggs and heat, UCLA study on how females and males differ in how they relate to stress, Karen Horney and how her 3 'inner conflicts' relate to male/female, etc. High energy = rapid replication - examples hot springs bacteria Low energy = long life - examples bristlecone pine, bacteria spores on the moon, hibernation, etc. Growth rate in high energy is steady then peaks and rapid decline at the upper end of temperature. Other sets of 4 options include Option 1 and 2 = social, others Option 3 and 4 = self, selfish, loner, etc. Eukaryotes as a 2nd species. A look at bacteria mitosis and conjugation etc. versus Eukaryotes with walled nucleus, organelles, sexual reproduction. This section shows how the 4 options of moderating energy could have evolved to the variety of life. The mechanics of this energy moderation is regulatory enzymes, negative and positive feedback, hormones, etc. to be continued... SUPPORT DOCUMENT #187 HENDRICKS HEALTH THEORY: LOW ENERGY AND HIGH ENERGY High energy and examples:day, spring and summer, life in tropic land and seas, example of different species more active in high energy - monera, protista, (hardly any fungi) plants and animals; warm blooded life and energy moderation; idea of migration beginning from tropics to the north instead of the other way around, etc. Low energy and examples: sleep, hibernation, winter, spores, night, cold, migration, sluggishness of cold blooded animals, warm blooded advantages in low energy; with ex. from most kingdoms. Estivation - the hot weather equivalent of hibernation for some animals and plants, etc. Sleep, as part of digestion cycle, as slow down in low energy periods; fat intake; absorption in intestines idea. Cell membrane and the 4 options Egg and sperm and the 4 options. to be continued... SUPPORT DOCUMENT #188 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT I suggest that brain developed from the alimentary canal. Some subjects covered include: animals trying to adapt to land faced severe problems that pushed brains to develop to survive, hydra has a nerve net with more nerves around mouth, a nerve chord evolved parallel to the digestion system, next ganglia and senses surround the mouth and act as a second stomach, digestion of food choices - good food versus bad food, too much food or too little food versus just right amounts - evolved to all kinds of mental decisions and responses, how being warm blooded required more brain power, Karen Horney's pioneering work in psychology and how it ties in with a possible mind body connection. 2 forces pushed brain power to evolve: Competition - human brain makes leaps in the ice age. Also the effects of prey/predator, etc. Symbiosis - mother/child bonds, long period of maturity, social support, etc. Golden rule: no organism can have a brain unless it first evolves an alimentary tract. Tapeworm as exception and why. Also discussed, mutation rates higher in species with higher metabolism rates. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #189 HENDRICKS HEALTH THEORY AND HUMANS 2 Main strains in human evolution. On the one hand their biological nature (evolution) on the other their 'learned behavior' or cultural evolution. I suggest that the biological nature often conflicts with the learned behavior and sets up repressed INNER CONFLICTS. These inner conflicts cause a layer of diseases and psychological problems (many of the so called chronic diseases and pscyhological disorders) In childhood patterns of behavior are set up that establish how the child will regulate energy-in - take in or not take in. This is influenced by breast feeding patterns and is option 1 and 2 of the 4 options of energy moderation. And how the child will regulate energy held in (nurturing) or not held in (excreted out as waste). This is influenced by toilet training patterns and is option 3 and 4 of the 4 options of energy moderation. Also discussed: Positive and negative aspects (both physical and psychological) of all 4 options. Influence of the mother child bond on evolution including: the evolution of love, the impact of social behavior, importance of 'holding the baby', how language may have developed out of breast feeding, mouth, eating, crying for food and attention etc. The male female dichotomy and the UCLA study showing how each sex reacts to stress - males, fight or flight (option 2 or 4), females - befriend or tend (option 1 and 3) The therapy to resolve inner conflicts outlined: All disease and behavior evolved out of energy moderation options. Why it works. The universal language that the body understands - energy moderation. Resistance to change and its impact. Changing energy moderation behavior through repetition and why its the only way the body will change. Danger of going too fast. Danger of hypnotism to alter energy moderation. The tricky nature of disease Why other therapies don't work Psychological problems, the 4 options, and the work of Karen Horney The future - raising children without inner conflicts. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #190 DISAGREEING WITH DARWIN and others When it comes to Darwin, it's more adding another dimension to his theory than disagreement: Darwin: Descent with modification Hendricks: Energy moderation with modification through descent I differ in suggesting that life must begin before you have something to replicate. Also I suggest a specific mind/body connection. Other topics on Darwin include 2 part driving force on evolution: survival of the fittest AND symbiosis (and their relationship to energy moderation) The "Loopy loop' of some Darwinists. Darwins catch 22. Replicator = survival of the species Energy moderation = survival of the organism Replication = the mechanics of life Energy moderation = the reason for life I challenge the '2 billion separate and non connected reasons for evolution' versus the 1 overriding theory - the Occams razor idea (choose the simplest explanation - energy moderation) Evolution can't begin in the middle of evolution, concept. All ideas about evolution have to have evolved out of first life and did not fall down from the sky. I challenge anyone to find any aspect of life that didn't evolve out of energy moderation (keeping in mind that metabolism fuels every life process including reproduction) Also discussed: Hendricks Health Theory versus the Baldwin effect A new system of classification of life and living things based on the 4 options of energy moderation I disagree with Jaques Monod on his idea of no driving force in life - just blind chance. I discuss the work of Lynn Margulis, a woman, and challenge that most biological ideas are from a male dominated point of view and thus slanted from the truth for that reason. I say no to the Altruistic Behavior theory I say no to the Selfish gene theory of Richard Dawkins No to the chemical wand theory of how life began I also suggest some analogies to my theory: The theory as fire analogy, also life as steam governor, or refrigerator, or thermostat, etc. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #191 Here is the end of the summary of my Hendricks Health Theory. GAIA Energy moderation on a global scale MISCELLANEOUS Topics covered include: Why sugar is sweet to humans, sugar in mammals breast milk precedes fruit sugar, sugar used to lower stress,, dairy and sweets, etc. Smile muscles = eat muscles = option 1 and 3 frown muscles = spit food out muscles = option 2 and 4 Dinos versus mammals (rat like) and consequences Virus, viroids, prions Evolution of music from voice and heartbeat. Energy moderation as key to understanding all aspects of life: Olympics, subconscious meaning of ties and dresses, painting interpretation. Reminder that most of lifes history is as 1 celled life. Human society and suppressed sexual odors. Genetic disease passed down through generations vs. learned behavior that leads to the same psychological disorders masking as disease - passed down from generation to generation. Why a dominant hand and dominant side of the brain Religious beliefs and 4 options What survives - patterns of life. Fear and anger and the 4 options. FUTURE Life anywhere in the universe must follow the same rules of energy moderation. The possibilities of manipulating life by enhancing one or more of the 4 options through stress or symbiosis. The direction of evolution - more complexity in energy moderation, more symbiosis ANd more competition. Winners of the cenozoic = social symbionts. Life may be finally explaining its intricate mystery And finally a very big THANKS to everyone on the sci.bio.evolution newsgroup who commented on any aspect of any of these ideas. Your help was invaluable in getting my theory this far. Thanks both to the symbionts and competitors - it takes 4 options to make a world! In the future, more to come SUPPORT DOCUMENT #192 Eggs, sperm, and 4 options: Here I'm looking at a passage about the egg and the sperm in sea urchins. I want to show how the 4 options have evolved in this example (1 take in, 2 block out, 3 hold in, 4 excrete out) "Between 20 and 30 seconds after the sperm nucleus is engulfed (option 1 take in and option 3 hold in) the egg cell releases enzymes by exocytosis that dissolve its surface proteins and attract sperm (option 2 block out). Between 30 and 40 seconds later, other vesicles release chemicals that further protect the egg from additional sperm entry, and a change in the electrical properties of the cell membrane complete the female cell's defenses. Thus, within little more than a minute of the entry of a sperm nucleus, the cell membrane of the egg is effectively closed to entry by other sperm (more option 2). These changes are vital to the new life being fashioned - if a sperm were to enter an already fertilized egg, development would not occur because the excess genetic material would upset the delicate chemical balance of the cell.All of the other sperm cells clinging to the egg cell drop away (more option 2 block out or option 4 excrete out).... When the nuclei of egg and sperm touch,... the genetic packages of the 2 cells unite as the nuclear membranes fuse to form a single nucleus. The genetic material of the parents mingles (option 3). The first cell of a new life is formed, thanks to the coordinated functioning of the cellular architecture." Quote from "Beginnings of Life" Ricki Lewis SUPPORT DOCUMENT #193 Catabolism Anabolism and 4 Options I have suggested in my theory that life is an energy moderator, that all life slows down in low energy and has 2 options to get more energy, and that life speeds up in high and has 2 other options to reduce energy. And that this evolved to all aspects of life including a number of , what I term, great dichotomies (ex. symbiosis vs. competition or female vs. male or social vs. non-social, etc.) And I've tied these into certain single or sets of my 4 options. I think catabolism and anabolism is another. Four Options: 1. take in (low energy) 2. block out (high energy) 3. hold in (low energy) 4. excrete out (high energy) Anabolism: Synthesis of large molecules energy is required reactions diverge IMO this is connected to or evolved out of options 1 and 3 Catabolism: Breakdown of large molecules energy is released reactions converge And this is connected to or evolved out of options 2 and 4 Info from "Beginnings of Life" Ricki Lewis. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #194 Inside and Outside Both option 1 and 2 are about the world OUTSIDE the organism. Option one is take in from OUTSIDE. Option 2 is not take in (BLOCK OUT) from OUTSIDE Options 3 and 4 are about the world INSIDE the organism. Options 3 is once it is inside then hold INSIDE as nurturing, and option 4 is once it is inside don't hold INSIDE but excrete out as waste. (Note; from a strickly theoretical view you can see that that covers all aspects of life. Yet when applying it to life in scientific ways - not philosophical ways, you begin to see all the practical aspects of such a view. IMO it begins to explain a lot.) That is the basic idea. But things change, evolve, and it gets tricky. For instance the same 4 options fit every CELL in the body. They too follow option 1 and 2 - take in or not take into the CELL. And they too follow option 3 and 4 - once inside either hold inside and use or store and use later, or excrete out as waste. So you must carefully state what is outside and what is inside! SUPPORT DOCUMENT #195 Bears , urine, and heat One reader of my theory,Drox, and I had an argument about reducing body temperature in humans. Here is some evidence that supports my arguments and my theory of energy moderation (Hendricks Health Theory) "The black bear is a hibernator...The bear's metabolic rate slows to half that of normal, which conserves energy. One interesting metabolic adaptation is the rerouting of the body chemical urea to form amino acids rather than urine, because HEAT IS NORMALLY LOST IN URINATION. The bear thus builds proteins from amino acids while asleep and does not urinate. Its warm pelt and relatively low surface to volume ration ( a consequence of large size) also help it to conserve heat." Beginnings of Life, Ricki Lewis. IMO this supports my theory in the following ideas: I have suggested that all life slows down in low energy. Hibernation is one evolved way of doing that. I have suggested that anything that comes out of the body takes heat with it and thus reduces body heat (option 4 of energy moderation - excrete out waste). Urine, as stated above is an example of that. I would also like to comment on the idea of warm blooded dinosaurs. I tend to think some of the smaller ones were, yet in a large dinosaur I have 2 concerns, 1. the amount of energy needed to keep a large dinosaurs body temperature at an even keel would be incredibly high (just look at what it takes to keep an elephant warm blooded) and 2. the size of the large dinosaurs should help keep them warm, and I would think that might be enough ( or so it was until the weather changed and/or the meteorite fell, etc.). If I understand correctly in mammals generally, the smaller the mammal the higher the metabolism to keep it warm. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #196 The Brain Rule In most cases, I suggest this rule The brain rule: the greater the complexity of the metabolism system in proiportion to the size of the organism, the bigger the brain necessary to control it. (with the metabolism system being the energy moderating system) Comments from Deward Houck > Green plants have very complex metabiolic systems, but generally lack > brains all together. They have light and dark reactions, > photorespiration, Calvin cycle, C4 cycle, as well as the krebs cycle of > animals. You make a good point here. How would you compare the complexity of plant metabolism vs. animal metabolism. A key may be the alimentary tract. As it evolved to be more and more complex, it needed more and more 'brain' to handle that. It seemed to begin with a nerve chord that evolved parallel to the alimentary tract. I am convinced there is a correlation. Also plants, don't seem to have all the challenges that animals have. Photosynthesis works so well, and has been here on earth from almost the start,that it's 3.5 (?) billion year evolutionary history of metabolism complexity (as you stated above) seems mild in comparison with the .6(?) billion year evolutionary history since the Cambrian of the alimentary (if that was the time it first began). And when we look at the complexity of animals since the alimentary canal first began - (though even bacteria have a nutrient in, waste out, system) it is astounding how quickly it has evolved. So I suggest that the metabolism of plants has been slow when compared to the (in bio terms) recent evolution of an alimentary tract and a brain to better regulate it. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #197 Definition of Life I'm reading a fairly up-to-date bio text called "Beginnings of Life" by Ricki Lewis c. 1992. What interests me is how the definition for life keeps getting simpler and simpler as time goes by. This book has 3 requirements: 1. metabolism 2. irritability and adaptation 3. reproduction. I tend to think that the latter 2 evolved out of metabolism. In my Hendricks Health Theory I believe life can be defined as energy moderators. This leads to low energy (moderate it by getting more) which is ADAPTATION and high energy (moderate it by blocking out energy not needed and excreting out excess) which is IRRITABILITY and response to irritability. And finally REPRODUCTION is an outgrowth of excreting out excess in times of high energy. (In low energy life becomes dormant, in high energy it becomes active and reproduces) Therefore my theory redefines life as energy moderation which is metabolism and more. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #198 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions A tapeworm has evolved so that it no longer has a digestive system, it uses the one of its host. In the same way I believe that viruses viroids and prions are stripped down models of life - they have lost the 'tails' that they no longer use and that are provided for by their hosts. Along that same note prions are a peculiar thing in that they do not contain genetic material and are composed of only protein. My best guess would be that the protein acts like an enzyme in some way. Prion Comment by Curt Adams > > ... everybody agrees > on what a prion is. If you define life as "metabolism and replication" > then prions count; they metabolize native proteins into more stable > versions which are copies of themselves. Some people would use > a definition of "metabolism" which includes covalent changes, which > excludes some but not all prions. Some define life as cellular, which > excludes them, some as requiring a certain amount of independence, > etc. I like your response. Prions are a definite grey area, and different definitions of life require different answers . Virus Comment by Iotarho > Viruses, at least as we know them today, have more than likely evolved > through various gene duplications and rearrangements of host organisms. The > idea that such a complex organism such as HIV, for example, could have > evolved ex situ the various genetic and protein components required for > spontaneous assembly and, furthermore, function within a host cell of which > the virus would have "no prior knowledge", so to speak, is unparsimonious at > best. Not to detract from the idea that viruses haven't coexisted and > coevolved with organisms as long as some medium for molecular information > propagation has existed, however I think it's well accepted that this > evolution has taken place predominantly within the confines of the host > organism. I think this is an important and logical argument on virus, and how they probably were not an aspect of first life. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #199 Membrane Wall and 4 Options Here's a look at cell membranes and the 4 options of energy moderation: 4 options are 1. take in 2. not take in (block out) 3.take in digest and use or store 4. take in digest and excrete out as waste. "Molecules cross membranes by various mechanisms. In passive diffusion, a substance moves down its concentration gradient. Passive diffusion of water is called osmosis, and control of osmosis influences a cell's shape. In facilitated diffusion, a substance moves down its concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier protein. In active transport a substance moves against its concentration gradient using energy from split ATP" If the molecules are coming in this is option 1 take in. If the molecules are going out of membrane this is option 4 "In endocytosis a membrane surrounds a substance, bringing it into the cell..." This is option 3 take in and utilize, or destroy/excrete out as waste - option 4. "...and in exocyosis, a bit of membrane surrounds a substance and joins a larger membrane, transporting its contents." This is option 4 excrete out waste. My point is to show examples of how the 4 options of energy moderation have evolved. In this case the cell membrane. Quotes from "Beginnings of Life" Ricki Lewis. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #200 RNA Evolution Is it possible that RNA began as 2 strands and that those 2 strands divided and took two separate paths. One strand evolved into mRNA and the other into tRNA and their job of being the genetic code book was taken over by DNA? Some have asked why no life (other than some virii?) have RNA as a code book,suggesting that IF RNA was so important and IF there was an RNA world before cell life, where is the remnants of it. Perhaps this answers that. SUPPORT DOCUMENT #201 In my Hendricks Health Theory I suggest that all life is energy moderators. But how does it moderate that energy? "The overall result of metabolism is that the cell is in a constant state of flux, with some molecules being torn apart while others are being built up... Several biological mechanisms regulate cellular metabolism and preserve this delicate balance. The key to metabolic regulation lies in the ... enzymes ... the enzymes are regulatory enzymes...When an enzyme is turned off by the accumulation of a product, just as a building's heating system is turned off by its thermostat when the inside temperature reaches a certain point, it is responding to NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, also called feedback inhibition. This occurs, for example in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Through such feedback loops, a cell can maintain optimal levels of specific amino acids and other biological molecules. Sometimes the accumulation of a particular intermediate in a metabolic pathway under the regulatory enzyme's control signals that the pathway is not active enough. In response, the regulatory enzyme steps up its activity. This is POSITIVE FEEDBACK. (Negative feedback would correspond to options 2 and 4 of my 4 options of energy moderation. Positive feedback option 1 and 3) Metabolic balance is also maintained by HORMONES. In plants and animals, these chemical messengers are manufactured in one tissue and carried to other tissues, where they stimulate or inhibit metabolic reactions." Beginnings of Life, Ricki Lewis Therefore I suggest that regulator enzymes and hormones are the mechanics of the biological process of moderating energy. Also in support of my theory is this: "The reactions of metabolism in diverse species are remarkably similar, with many pathways virtually identical." (same book as above - both p.110-111) SUPPORT DOCUMENT #202 Surface to Volume Ratio "A cell may divide when its surface to volume ration becomes too small for the cell to obtain enough nutrients and to excrete sufficient wastes" (Beginnings of Life, Ricki Lewis) I have suggested that cell reproduction evolved out of the energy moderation strategy quoted above. The cell must divide to live on. If the cell divides in 2 - separate, that equals REPLICATION If the cell divides in 2 -doesn't separate, that equals GROWTH (2 sides of the same coin - only difference is location within, or outside the cell) Therefore the only choices are to split and separate (option 4 - excrete out waste in my 4 options theory), or to not separate (option 3 - take in and hold in). And if the second is the case then there could be the further option of it being in the cell yet surrounded on all sides by the cell - which would suggest organelles that either originated there (wall around the nucleus of Eukaryotes - though that is probably not considered an organelle) or was taken in and evolved to be symbiotic with the cell like mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc. Further, if this is indeed an evolutionary strategy to fight off the death from the surface to volume ration problem, and a strategy to deal with excess energy (see my txt files of my theory) then it should be true that if you removed some of the volume of the cell it would retard the time it took to replicate. And that seems to be the case: "Consider 2 amoebas at the same stage of the cell cycle, one of them much larger than the other. The large one always divides first. If some of the larger amoeba's cytoplasm is removed just before the cell would normally divide, mitosis is delayed until the cell grows and the cytoplasm once again accumulates to the threshold level." (same books as above) All this suggests support for my theory that replication evolved as a way of moderating energy at the high end (too much energy). SUPPORT DOCUMENT #203 That Euk Nuk Wall Quotes from Microcosmos, Margulis and Sagan. "For if, indeed, all strains of bacteria can potentially share all bacterial genes, then strictly speaking there are no true species in the bacterial world. All bacteria are one organism, one entity capable of genetic engineering on a planetary or global scale . In the words of Canadian bacteriologists Sorin Sonea and Maurice Panisset, this entity is, in effect ' a unique, complex type of clone, composed of highly differentiated specialized cells. The variety of mechanisms for these constant, opportunistic exchanges allows for an amazing number of options" The book goes on to list some, replicons etc. plus bacterial conjugation etc. "Genetic transfers differ in bacteria because they do not need to wait for reproduction. Bacteria are not altered by an automatic addition of 50% new genes, which is always what happens to sexually reproducing animals and plants when they produce offspring." Bacteria can divide in 2, bud out, drop into a spore, etc. Now along comes Eukaryotes and at about the same time sex and a wall around that nucleus. Any connection? I tend to think so. The bacteria has evolved to have its DNA mostly in a circle, if I understand correctly. I suggest that that is there to inhibit some of the ways the bacteria can be altered genetically. It is a sort of protection devise from incoming DNA invaders. In the same way I believe the wall around the Euk nucleus is there to protect its genome from tampering. And instead of greater diversity - as I have always understood sexual reproduction to be - there is less diversity and more specificity in what can reproduce with the Eukaryote. Thus it eventually led Eukaryotes/sexual reproduction, that specified some very exact requirements. 1. The sperm (or egg if reversed) must be of the same species 2. The sperm (or egg if reversed) must be of the opposite sex. In my Health Theory that would mean that a female (the 2 low energy options of energy moderation) must mate with a same species male ( the 2 high energy options of energy moderation) In a sense you could say the offspring is brought to the middle of the energy line (at least until hormones determine differently). Therefore sex allows for a mixing of opposite ends of the energy line.. "We (Eukaryotes) trade genes 'vertically' through the generations - whereas prokaryotes trade them 'horizontally' - directly to their neighbors in the same generation. Also the Eukaryote nucleus wall would allow for organelles to live inside the cell without interfering with the DNA - safe behind a wall. Sort of like a Castle within a walled town. Thus sex and the nucleus wall etc, in the Eukaryote seem to make sex more selective, whereas bacteria reproduction seems to be more about abundance and variety - maybe? (Which strangely enough sounds like the difference between female and male sex drives!) SUPPORT DOCUMENT #204 Premature Births Have Impact on Brain Development? One writer suggested that human babies were born earlier and earlier so that the birth canal of the mother could better handle an undeveloped and smaller head (therefore she'd survive giving birth and be there to protect the newborn). Thus this pushed back the maturity of the new born and allowed for more time for the more helpless and less formed newborn to acquire knowledge,learned behavior, and culture leading to bigger brains. This would explain some aspects of the long period of growing up in humans and neoteny aspects in humans, which seems to be the case.